I embarked on a month-long journey to Southeast Asia to conduct research for my upcoming book titled “Strategic Navigation through Economic Corridors – Intersecting Geoeconomics and Geopolitics.” My primary interest was exploring the role of the Global South in global governance. A significant portion of my book focuses on how the Global South is driving this transition. Within this framework, I aimed to observe the impact of China and the Western world, particularly the United States, in the region.

Amidst ongoing conflicts, economic downturns, and rising inflation in several powerful nations, Southeast Asia is distinguishing itself. ASEAN aims to foster peace, stability, and economic cooperation among its member countries. The organization has gained prominence due to its significant economic growth and geopolitical relevance. ASEAN’s diplomatic platform focuses on regional collaboration to address a range of concerns, demonstrating that when combined, its ten countries create a formidable economic force. The region is recognized as one of the world’s most rapidly expanding markets, although its growth is often underappreciated by the global community.

I observed that ASEAN is currently experiencing gradual and unobtrusive growth. It has been reported as one of the world’s fastest-growing consumer markets and a global manufacturing hub. If ASEAN were a single country, it would already rank as the seventh-largest economy in the world. This economic growth and stability can be attributed to its efficient internal systems.

During my travels, I encountered a range of individuals, from ordinary citizens to high-ranking professionals. I observed a growing preference among many to associate themselves with China rather than the United States. A recent publication by the Singapore-based ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute revealed a significant transformation in the geopolitical environment of Southeast Asia. According to the survey, more than 50% of participants would choose China over the United States in specific situations, an increase from the previous year. Additionally, a significant majority recognized China as the predominant economic force in the region. Among ASEAN countries, 70% prefer China over the US, including Thailand, which has historically been an ally of the United States. Laos exhibited the most robust pro-China perspectives. Malaysia and Indonesia, along with the Philippines and Vietnam, rely on the US security umbrella in dealing with the South China Sea issue.

In my conversations, I found that many people prefer China over the USA due to its perceived hypocrisy over situations in Gaza and Ukraine. Southeast Asia, with its population of 673 million and rich tapestry of cultures, serves as a home to adherents of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and other religious traditions such as Hinduism and Confucianism. Considering this diverse population, it is unsurprising that many in Southeast Asia express support for the Palestinian cause. The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, has consistently backed Palestine in bilateral relations. Indonesia, the largest and most populous nation in Southeast Asia, has also demonstrated robust endorsement. In the 2024 Southeast Asia poll, a substantial number of participants voiced apprehensions regarding Israel’s activities in Gaza, particularly in Muslim-majority nations. Former President Joko Widodo reiterated Indonesia’s dedication to supporting the Palestinian quest for independence from Israeli occupation. A significant percentage of the population in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore expressed concerns over Israel’s actions. Nevertheless, most participants from the Philippines believe that Israel has the legal authority to respond with force, a position endorsed by the Philippine government.

When inquired about the US’s involvement in the region, many view it as contradictory. On one hand, the US supports Ukraine’s defense against Russia by providing weapons. On the other hand, the US supports Israel’s military actions against Palestine by sending warships and supplies. This perception of hypocrisy has led to a fall in American influence, as numerous ASEAN countries criticize the US for its inconsistent application of standards.

The United States’ conduct in Southeast Asia is a significant contributor to its diminishing influence, with many in the region perceiving its activities with cynicism and disapproval. This includes the utilization of the dollar as a weapon and the push to de-dollarize. Malaysia and Thailand, along with other developing countries, have declared intentions to join the BRICS group to navigate global politics, particularly the tensions between the United States and China. BRICS has attracted attention not just from Thailand and Malaysia. Last year, Indonesia’s President Joko Widodo received an invitation to attend the BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, although he did not promptly apply. Earlier this year, Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi declared that Indonesia is now evaluating the potential advantages of aligning with other nations in the region. Myanmar and Laos have indicated their desire to become members of BRICS, while Vietnam is closely observing the progress of the membership procedure. Singapore and the Philippines have yet to declare their stances. Participating in BRICS presents opportunities for enhanced collaboration in investment, commerce, and infrastructure funding, particularly with China and India.

There is an ongoing international discussion on the United States’ use of the dollar as a powerful tool to impose rules over the years, resulting in a desire to adopt local currencies for trade. In light of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, the United States has imposed sanctions on Russia and temporarily halted its participation in the SWIFT payment system. Several nations are actively exploring alternatives to the dollar and the potential consequences of sanctions. Brazil’s President, Lula de Silva, questions the universal reliance on the dollar for international trade, asking why countries cannot use their own currencies. The dollar’s hegemony in Southeast Asia is diminishing due to de-dollarization, while China’s influence is increasing. Japan and India are transitioning to their domestic currencies, indicating a growing inclination towards financial independence and diminishing US influence. Similarly, Southeast Asian nations are gradually distancing themselves from the United States and forging stronger ties with China, underscoring evolving global power dynamics.

However, many fear Chinese loans for infrastructure projects have raised concerns about creating debt dependence, potentially compromising the sovereignty of Southeast Asian countries. There are ongoing concerns regarding the transparency, environmental impact, and social implications of Chinese projects.

China’s role in Southeast Asia is both influential and contentious. The region’s development hinges significantly on Chinese economic investments and trade links, which pose notable geopolitical and security challenges. Southeast Asian countries face the critical task of striking a delicate balance between engaging with China and safeguarding their national interests. Despite this challenge, Chinese investments are often perceived as more beneficial and cost-effective compared to those from the United States, not only in economic terms but also diplomatically.